Exploring macro-level drivers of construction waste generation for sustainable development

Purpose This study examines macro-level factors influencing construction waste generation, focusing on economic, regulatory, social, and environmental aspects. This research aims to identify and analyse the macroeconomic factors that influence waste generation in the construction sector. Design/methodology/approach Panel econometric models are applied to explore (nonlinear) relationships between waste generation intensity and explanatory variables in the construction sector of the European Union countries. Total waste-to-value-added and total waste per capita are used as the dependent variables. The factors selected for the research as independent variables include productivity in the construction sector, investments in climate change mitigation within the construction sector, environmental taxes paid by construction sector companies, circularity, and contextual indicators that describe socioeconomic development at the country level. Findings Using four variations of econometric specification, it is found that higher productivity, green investment, and circular use of materials reduce waste, while urbanisation and population density increase waste. Investment in climate change mitigation and environmental taxes also contributes to waste reduction, but their combined effect is reduced when both are high. Wealthier countries tend to produce more waste; however, the more complex relationship, exhibiting U- and N-shaped patterns at different stages of development, was not robustly detected. Originality/value The relevance of this topic is underscored by the growing global emphasis on sustainable development, as the construction industry is a major contributor to environmental degradation. Understanding the key drivers of construction waste generation is critical for developing effective policies to reduce waste and improve resource efficiency. The findings highlight the importance of productivity, green investment, and circular materials in reducing waste, while urbanisation and population density pose challenges. This study informs policy strategies for sustainable construction and waste management, particularly in countries with fast-developing construction sectors.