Mechanical, Durability, and Thermal Performance of Cow Hair–Reinforced Plaster of Paris Ceiling Tiles for Sustainable Building Applications

The growing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly construction materials has intensified research into the utilization of natural waste fibres as alternatives to conventional reinforcements. This study investigates the feasibility of using cow hair, an abundant agricultural waste material, as a reinforcing fibre in Plaster of Paris (POP) ceiling tiles. Cow hair fibres were collected locally, chemically treated using alkaline solution to enhance fibre–matrix bonding, and incorporated into POP composites. Jute fibre–reinforced POP tiles were used as control specimens for comparison. The fabricated ceiling tiles were evaluated for physical, mechanical, durability, and thermal properties, including density, flexural strength, friability, water absorption, and thermal mass loss. Experimental results revealed that cow hair–reinforced tiles exhibited reduced density, indicating lighter composites suitable for ceiling applications. Flexural strength and toughness were improved due to effective crack-bridging and stress redistribution provided by the keratin-based fibres. The cow hair–reinforced tiles also demonstrated acceptable friability, lower water absorption, and superior thermal stability compared to the control samples. Statistical regression and correlation analyses showed a strong linear relationship between applied load and deflection, with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 99.83%, confirming reliable mechanical performance. Overall, the findings indicate that cow hair can effectively replace conventional plant fibres in POP ceiling tiles, offering a cost-effective, lightweight, and environmentally sustainable solution for interior building applications.