Policy Implementation in the Digital Era: A Comprehensive Analysis of the Electronic-Based Government System (SPBE) in Indonesia

Purpose: The acceleration of digital transformation in the public sector has encouraged governments to adopt e-government systems to improve efficiency, transparency, and service quality. In Indonesia, this agenda is formalised through the Electronic-Based Government System (SPBE) under Presidential Regulation No. 95 of 2018. This study aims to analyse how SPBE is implemented in the Ministry of Manpower of the Republic of Indonesia as a central agency and in the Manpower Office of Banten Province as a regional agency, and to explain the dynamics and consequences of this implementation using public policy implementation theory. Methodology: A qualitative case study design is employed, combining in-depth interviews with policymakers, implementers, and users. Findings: The findings show that SPBE has driven the adoption of various digital applications and has begun to change work patterns from manual to digital in both central and regional offices. However, implementation is still characterised by fragmented systems, limited interoperability between central and local platforms, rigid digital procedures, uneven socialisation, and the persistence of manual routines. These patterns reveal gaps between formal policy standards and actual performance. Conclusion: The study implies that strengthening SPBE requires better integration between central and regional systems, design digital services that are simple and user-friendly, improve coordination and digital skills, and manage SPBE by involving many actors, not just through top-down instructions.