Vasculogenic mimicry and breast cancer prognosis: Insights into predictive model development

patients (log-rank test; P<0.001). Multivariate analysis identified VM, N stage and Kiel-67 antigen (Ki-67) index as independent prognostic factors. A prediction model incorporating these variables demonstrated a robust performance, with a concordance index of 0.876 and a time-dependent area under the curve of 0.923, thereby providing strong support for individualized risk stratification and prognostic assessment in breast cancer. VM positivity, advanced nodal stage and a high Ki-67 index were reported to independently predict a reduced DFS following surgery. A prognostic model integrating VM, N stage and Ki-67 index exhibits high predictive accuracy and may serve as a valuable tool in evaluating the risk of recurrence and metastasis in the future.