Phenanthrene Exposure Induces Immune Dysfunction and Metabolic Disruption in Mice

T cells was observed. Moreover, exposure to phenanthrene resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in serum IgG concentrations, with levels reduced by 22.2% in the high-dose group compared with controls. Serum metabolomics profiling revealed significant reductions in galactosylglycerol derivatives and quinic acid, alongside elevated phosphatidylserine levels. Moreover, marked increases in glucuronide conjugates suggested activation of phase II detoxification pathways. Lipidomic analysis demonstrated disturbances in phospholipid homeostasis and the accumulation of diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol species. These results provide multiple lines of mechanistic evidence for phenanthrene-induced immune and metabolic perturbations.