High Genetic Diversity of <i>Phytophthora palmivora</i> in Colombian Cacao: Evidence Against Geographic Barriers

= 0.650). Pathogenicity tests on detached CCN51 leaves revealed extensive virulence variation that was independent of genetic clustering or geography. These findings suggest that observed genetic diversity results from multiple pathogen introductions and anthropogenic dispersal rather than geographic barriers. The lack of correlation between genotype and virulence indicates that pathogenicity determinants are independent of neutral molecular markers used for population structure analysis. Management recommendations include stringent phytosanitary measures to prevent further introductions and consideration of pathogen diversity in resistance breeding programs.