Neuroprotective effects of rutin, sodium selenite, and rutin-conjugated selenium nanoparticles in a social isolation model

Background: ), and rutin-conjugated selenium nanoparticles (RUT-SeNPs) to determine their neuroprotective activity using a rat model of neurobehavioral impairment following SI. Methods: ), and SI treated with Se nanoparticles biosynthesized using the Rutin group (SI&RUT-SeNPs). All groups undergone biochemical analysis including behavioral tests, assessment of neural function, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, histopathological analysis, immunohistochemistry, and gene expression. Results: < 0.05). RUT-SeNPs normalized behavioral outcomes, antioxidant status, cytokine levels, apoptotic markers, neurotransmitters, BDNF/GFAP balance, and cortical histoarchitecture. Conclusion: Rutin and sodium selenite provided significantly protective effects across behavioral, biochemical, and neurochemical parameters. Among all treatments, RUT-SeNPs produced markedly attenuated, restoring nearly all measured markers including redox balance, cytokines, apoptosis regulators, neurotransmitters, BDNF/GFAP levels, and cortical histology to values comparable to controls.