Parental and School Influences on Korean Adolescent Alcohol Use: A Multilevel Study

= 54,653). Individual-level variables included parental permissiveness, gender, grade, and socioeconomic status. School-based prevention education was treated as a group-level variable. Parental permissiveness was positively associated with adolescent alcohol use, while school-based prevention education was linked to reduced alcohol use. School-based programs explained a meaningful portion of between-school differences, supporting their role as a moderating factor. These findings highlight the importance of strengthening school-based alcohol prevention education to support healthy adolescent development.