PROSTATE CANCER: INSIGHTS IN PATHOGENESIS, MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS, AND EMERGING THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES-A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

Prostate cancer (pca) is one of the common cancers occurring in the male population, with the second-highest occurrence, with more than 1.4 million new cases and 375,000 deaths annually. Thought there Have been improvement in the early diagnosis of cancer using the prostate-specific antigen test, there are still cases of castration-resistant prostate cancer, which have a poor prognosis. The current review article is an attempt to compile the knowledge available on the development of prostate cancers, especially with regard to the role of the androgen receptor, genetic factors, and the role of the tumor microenvironment.in addition the current review article is an attempt to offer insights into the recent developments in the field of liquid biopsy, multiparametric MRI- guided biopsy, and role of PSMA, ctDNA exosomal microRNA, which have shown promising results in the early diagnosis of prostate cancers. We also cover emerging therapies in prostate cancer, such as PARP inhibitors in BRCA mutated tumors, PSMA radioligand therapy with 177Lu-PSMA-617, immunotherapy checkpoints, as well as emerging AR signaling pathway inhibitors such as enzalutamide and apalutamide. We also cover emerging trends in prostate cancer treatment, such as the emerging role of artificial intelligence and machine learning in grading pathology and making treatment decisions in prostate cancer. We also cover challenges in the field as well as future directions in this emerging field of precision medicine in prostate cancer treatment.