80 years of research on tsunamigenic earthquakes in the Makran subduction zone (1945–2025): a review- part B: tsunamis in the MSZ

The Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ) is a tectonically active margin with a documented history of tsunamis that have repeatedly impacted coastal communities along the northern Arabian Sea. Despite its recognized hazard potential, tsunami occurrence and characteristics in the MSZ remain poorly constrained due to sparse instrumental records and limited historical documentation. This three-part review series provides a comprehensive synthesis of existing research on MSZ tsunamigenic earthquakes, covering tectonic setting, historical and geological tsunami evidence, as well as hazard and risk assessments. In this paper (Part B), we systematically examine past tsunami events associated with the MSZ. Historical accounts, geological evidence, and paleotsunami records are integrated to assess the frequency, magnitude, spatial distribution, and impacts of documented and inferred events. Emphasis is placed on identifying recurrence patterns and spatial variability in tsunami impacts. Their implications for long-term coastal vulnerability and community risk awareness are also examined. The November 1945 Makran tsunami one of the most destructive events recorded in the northwestern Indian Ocean is analyzed in detail as a benchmark case for understanding tsunami generation and coastal impact in the MSZ. By consolidating and critically evaluating existing evidence, this review provides a comprehensive reconstruction of MSZ tsunami history. These findings establish a foundation for the tsunami hazard modelling and probabilistic risk assessments, which will be discussed in detail in Part C, ultimately supporting improved coastal resilience and science-based disaster risk reduction strategies.