Riding toward inclusion: the journey of adapted cycling

Introduction: This study examined how adapted cycles, as a form of assistive technology, support participation in sports and recreational activities for people with disability. Although physical activity is widely recognised for its benefits to physical health, psychological wellbeing, and social connectedness, people with disability continue to face significant barriers to meaningful inclusion in sport and recreation. Adapted cycles offer a means of addressing some of these barriers by enabling individuals to engage in cycling in ways that are responsive to their functional abilities and support needs. Methods: Using a qualitative research approach, this study drew on in-depth interviews with six participants, including children and adults, who had experience using adapted cycles across a range of contexts. This diversity allowed for a nuanced exploration of individual experiences. Data were analysed thematically to identify patterns related to engagement, perceived benefits, and factors influencing successful use. Results: Three key themes were identified: (1) navigating barriers and building pathways; (2) riding into wellbeing and inclusion; and (3) expanding horizons. Participants consistently reported improvements in physical health, including increased strength, endurance, and overall fitness. Many also described increased independence, noting that adapted cycles enabled them to access community spaces and engage in activities with reduced reliance on others. Importantly, these functional gains were valued for the ways in which they supported social inclusion. Participants described increased confidence and self efficacy, as well as a stronger sense of belonging when cycling with family members, friends, or within community groups. Discussion: Adapted cycles were perceived as facilitating social interaction, increasing visibility in public spaces, and challenging assumptions about disability and capability. The study also identified several contextual factors that shaped inclusive outcomes. These included access to customised and well-maintained equipment, quality assessment and selection services, accessible environments, and strong social support from peers, families, and organisations. Persistent barriers such as inaccessible transport and environments were noted to constrain inclusion opportunities. Overall, the findings contribute to broader discussions on inclusive recreation and assistive technology by demonstrating that the value of adapted cycling lies not in participation itself, but in its capacity to foster meaningful social inclusion and enhance wellbeing.