Fundamental Research Into and Clinical Translation of Tumor Irreversible Electroporation‐Based Ablation Therapy Devices

ABSTRACT Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is an emerging tumor ablation technique that induces permanent damage to cellular membranes through the application of high‐intensity short‐duration electrical pulses. This process results in the formation of nanoscale pores within the cell membrane, and when the electric field exceeds a critical threshold, these pores become permanent, leading to the disruption of cellular homeostasis and ultimately initiating programmed cell death. The ability of IRE to selectively target tumor cells while preserving the adjacent neural and vascular structures makes it a promising approach to the treatment of solid tumors, including those of the liver, pancreas, and prostate. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the foundational research and clinical translation of IRE‐based tumor ablation technologies, with a particular focus on electrode optimization. In addition, we explore the potential for the use of IRE in combination with immunotherapy or other emerging treatment modalities. It is anticipated that the integration of technological advancements in IRE devices with personalized treatment strategies will enhance the precision and efficacy of tumor ablation.