A fluffy nanofiber scaffold-based microenvironment enables a simplified, biology-centric scale-up strategy for mesenchymal stem/stromal cell culture

cells in the 5-L bioreactor (a single run). These findings demonstrate that fluffy nanofiber scaffolds enable a scale-up strategy that reproduces the cellular microenvironment in a manner that is less affected by scale-dependent physical forces. This concept provides a new framework for designing scalable culture environments applicable not only to cell therapy manufacturing but also to culture supernatant production and cell-based food materials.