Transforming Coarse Particles into Nanoparticles: Techniques, Challenges, and Applications

ABSTRACT The transition from coarse particles to nanoparticles has revolutionized multiple scientific and industrial fields, offering enhanced properties such as enlarged surface area, improved solubility, and unique physicochemical characteristics. This review explores the key techniques employed for size reduction, including top‐down approaches like milling and high‐pressure homogenization, as well as bottom‐up methods such as precipitation and sol–gel techniques. It also addresses the challenges associated with nanoparticle production, such as scalability, stability, and environmental concerns. Additionally, the article highlights the diverse applications of nanoparticles across pharmaceuticals, energy storage, and environmental remediation. This study attempts to provide a thorough grasp of the state of particle size reduction technologies now and their promises for the future by looking at the developments in nanoparticle synthesis and its transformational potential.