Defining virulence factor as a pre-screening strategy for gram negative bacterial infection: A GO-Fe3O4-based electrochemical siderosensor for detection of virulent Escherichia coli

value of 0.99. Siderophore production was confirmed, quantified and demonstrated as a marker for metabolically active bacteria in iron-limited environments with a response time of 4 min. This study establishes a label-free, biorecognition element free, precise detection of siderophores in real-world samples, such as urine, serum and river water (0.1-50 μM), (1-100 μM) and (0.5-10 μM) respectively with an error of less than 9% for five months of use. This sensor enables the identification of virulence activation in metabolically active E. coli in iron restricted environments as an indicator of possible pathogenicity. Independently it serves as an indicator of iron deficiency in physiological specimen. It may also be utilized to access possible faecal contamination in environmental aqueous specimen. The value proposition of this sensor is as a preliminary screening tool of clinicians in primary healthcare setups of resource constrained settings as an indicator of possible E. coli infections.