Efficacy and Safety of Acupuncture-Related Therapies for Central Post-Stroke Pain: An Umbrella Review

Purpose: Central post-stroke pain (CPSP) severely impairs survivors' quality of life, and pharmacological therapies are often limited by resistance and safety. Acupuncture-related therapies (AT) shows potential, but evidence is fragmented. This umbrella review synthesizes existing systematic reviews/meta-analyses (SRs/MAs) to evaluate the efficacy and safety of AT for CPSP. Patients and Methods: This umbrella review included SRs/MAs of randomized controlled trials comparing AT with pharmacotherapy, placebo, or conventional therapy for CPSP. AT methods included traditional acupuncture methods such as manual acupuncture (MA) and electroacupuncture, as well as non‑pharmacological physical interventions such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). The outcomes included pain, limb function, psychological status, quality of life, and adverse events (AEs). Methodological quality, reporting quality, risk of bias, and evidence certainty of the SRs/MAs were assessed using the AMSTAR 2, PRISMA-A, ROBIS, and GRADE tools. Results: =0.34). AEs were mostly mild and transient, although rTMS was associated with the highest incidence (61.08%). Conclusion: AT can alleviate pain and improve limb function and quality of life in CPSP, though its effect on psychological symptoms remains unclear. The treatment is generally safe; however, rTMS carries a high risk of AEs. These findings require confirmation through rigorous, high-quality studies.