Glucose-Responsive and Sustained Insulin-Releasing G-quartet/Protein Hydrogel Promotes Week-Long Normoglycemia in DiabeticRats

″), indicating glucose-mediated softening of the network. This mechanical response corresponds with accelerated insulin release, yielding ∼85% insulin release in 24 h under 100 mM glucose compared to ∼45% insulin release under 0 mM glucose. GPHG1 exhibits remarkable self-healing and negligible cytotoxicity at a concentration of 10 mg/mL in HaCaT, MCF7, and HCT116 cells. In type 1 diabetic rats, insulin-loaded GPHG1 sustained normoglycemia (120-150 mg/dL or 6.6-8.3 mM) for up to seven days, outperforming subcutaneous insulin. These findings highlight GPHG as a minimally invasive strategy for innovative insulin delivery systems, harnessing macromolecular and supramolecular design to advance blood glucose control.