Genome-Wide Identification, Expression and Localization Analysis of the Glycinin Family in Soybean

Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) is one of the most important legume crops globally, providing high-quality plant protein and oil for humans and livestock, and playing a crucial role in nitrogen fixation within agricultural ecosystems. The seeds contain about 35–40% protein by dry weight, with 65–80% of this being seed storage proteins (SSPs). These proteins mainly consist of 11S globulin (glycinin) and 7S β-conglycinin, which accumulate significantly in protein bodies during seed development, providing essential nitrogen and amino acids for seed germination and early seedling growth. Additionally, the composition and structure of SSPs directly determine the nutritional value, processing functionalities (such as emulsification, gelation, and solubility), and potential allergenicity of soybean products. In this study, we conducted a detailed analysis of the structural characteristics, chromosomal localization, phylogenetic relationships, and tissue expression patterns of members of the soybean Gy gene family, laying a theoretical foundation for further exploration of the biological functions of Gy genes in soybeans. We performed comprehensive genomic identification, expression analysis, and subcellular localization of the soybean Gy gene family. The results showed that the seven soybean Gy genes are unevenly distributed across different chromosomes and exhibit distinct expression patterns in soybean seeds, suggesting they may have different roles during seed development. Subcellular localization experiments indicated that the GmGy1 gene might play an important role during seed development. These findings provide significant insights into the functions of the Gy gene family in soybean growth and development and offer potential candidate gene targets for soybean molecular breeding.