The Impact of Chemical Toxicants and Air Pollutants on Neurodegenerative Disorders and Their Underlying Potential Mechanisms: A Literature Review

Background and Aims: Neurodegenerative disorders are marked by progressive deterioration of neurons, affecting cognitive, memory, and motor functions. This decline creates substantial personal and social challenges, making early identification of risk factors essential for effective intervention. Environmental toxicants, such as chemicals and air pollutants, are suspected to negatively impact brain health. This review critically examines the relationship between environmental toxicants and neurodegenerative disorders, exploring their potential mechanisms and providing recommendations for future research. Methods: A PubMed search was performed for all available data until April 2024 using keywords related to environmental toxicants and neurodegenerative diseases. The search was limited to peer-reviewed articles in English, focusing on human studies that investigate the association between toxicants and neurodegenerative disorders. A narrative synthesis was conducted based on the neurodegenerative disorder, specific toxicants, and mechanisms of action. Results: This review highlights the detrimental effects of chemical toxicants and air pollutants on diseases, such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, multiple sclerosis, and Huntington's disease. Key mechanisms discussed include oxidative stress, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Conclusion: The findings emphasize the need to understand the mechanisms by which environmental toxicants contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. Early detection and management, including reduced exposure to harmful substances, are vital. Further research is essential for improving screening techniques and developing targeted interventions.