Comparative Evaluation of Gold Nanoparticles, Extracts, and Topical Formulations Prepared with <i>Eruca sativa</i> : Toxicity and Wound Healing Effects

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) hold promise for the therapy of cancer and inflammatory conditions. Here, we describe the preparation and evaluation of novel creams obtained from AuNPs prepared with Eruca sativa for capping (“green nanoparticles”, termed Es-AuNPs) and E. sativa leaf powder (Es), a plant that is known for containing anti-inflammatory constituents. Es-AuNPs, E. sativa extract, powder, and topical formulations (Es-AuNPs and Es) were investigated in vitro and in vivo. GC–MS analysis of the plant extract revealed the presence of bioactive phytochemicals that likely contribute to its bioactivities. Acute toxicity studies showed no mortality in Wistar rats; however, a dose-dependent hepatotoxicity was observed for Es-AuNPs, while E. sativa extract was not hepatotoxic. Determination of the total oxidant status (TOS) for E. sativa extract and low-dose Es-AuNPs showed a reduced oxidant parameter, which was, however, elevated at a high dose of Es-AuNPs, indicating a dual antioxidant/pro-oxidant role. Measurement of the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) revealed a nonsignificant pattern. The newly formulated creams were tested in wound-healing assays in mice to assess their anti-inflammatory activity versus paraffin (negative control) and Fucidin (a standard steroid antibiotic). Applying Es-AuNPs and E. sativa powder creams (1% w/w) promoted injured tissue regeneration, decreased inflammation, and facilitated epithelial repair. These findings suggest promising therapeutic effects of Es-AuNPs and E. sativa powder-containing creams in skin inflammation management.