Scaling IoT maturity for sustainable global ports

Abstract This study examines how Internet of Things (IoT) adoption transforms port operations, focusing on environmental sustainability, operational efficiency, and financial outcomes. This study expands the maritime logistics literature by proposing a structured three-tier framework that enables a quantifiable assessment of the connection between digital transformation and port performance. A comparative analysis was conducted among three port categories (smart, transitioning, and traditional) using operational, environmental, and financial data. Metrics such as CO₂ intensity, cargo throughput, and revenue were used to evaluate how different levels of IoT integration are associated with performance. The results suggest that extensive IoT adoption may be associated with lower emissions, higher throughput, and stronger financial returns (e.g., Port of Singapore). Transitioning ports (e.g., Piraeus) appear to demonstrate moderate improvements in efficiency and profitability, albeit with limited reporting on direct environmental metrics. Traditional ports (e.g., Alexandria) show early-stage progress but lack consistent data frameworks that would enable robust evaluation of IoT-driven sustainability. Data gaps, particularly among traditional ports, restrict comprehensive year-over-year analysis. Future research should explore longitudinal assessments and include emerging technologies (e.g., blockchain, AI-driven analytics) to capture the full scope of port digitalization. Effective IoT integration requires substantial capital, workforce training, cybersecurity measures, and collaborative governance. Insights from smart ports can guide resource allocation and policy development in ports with limited digitization. Improved environmental performance arising from digital transformation in ports contributes to reduced air pollution, improved public health, and inclusive economic growth, particularly in densely populated coastal regions. By comparing diverse port typologies, this study highlights how IoT-fueled digitalization may help align decarbonization targets with operational and financial gains in modern maritime logistics.