Artificial intelligence and robotic technologies redefining precision and personalization in orthopedic surgery: a narrative review

The integration of artificial intelligence and robotic technologies is transforming orthopedic surgery by enhancing diagnostic accuracy, surgical precision, and personalized rehabilitation. This review summarizes the development of these technologies, explains their underlying principles, and evaluates their applications across diagnosis, preoperative planning, intraoperative navigation, and postoperative recovery. Artificial intelligence improves early detection of musculoskeletal conditions, supports risk prediction, and enables patient-specific treatment planning through advanced data analysis and image interpretation. Robotic systems enhance surgical consistency and safety by providing real-time guidance, mechanical precision, and controlled execution of complex procedures. Together, these technologies reduce variability, lower complication rates, and support individualized rehabilitation through wearable sensors, motion analysis, and virtual reality platforms. Despite these advances, significant challenges persist, including limited algorithm transparency, data fragmentation, bias, financial barriers, and unresolved ethical and regulatory questions. Future progress is expected to arise from autonomous surgical systems, integration with emerging technologies such as digital twins and high-speed communication networks, and improved data sharing frameworks that support global collaboration. By outlining current capabilities, limitations, and future directions, this review provides a foundation for the responsible and effective adoption of intelligent technologies in orthopedic care.