PPAR-γ, RXR-α, and VDR Expression in Gingival Tissues of Patients with Grade B and Grade C Periodontitis: A Cross-Sectional Clinical Immunohistochemistry Study

These findings suggest that increasing disease grade within stage 3 periodontitis is associated with increased PPAR-γ expression, whereas RXR-α and VDR expression primarily distinguish healthy from diseased gingival tissues. This nuclear receptor profile may help explain biological differences between healthy, grade B and grade C periodontitis and support future risk-stratified host-modulatory approaches.