The impact of antibiotics on the microbiome of edible plants and its implications for consumer health

The aim of this study was to determine the principles governing the composition of the microbiome associated with the soil-root-plant (phyllosphere) system and to analyze the mechanisms influencing its functioning. Particular attention was given to identifying the factors shaping the structure of the soil microbiota, its dynamics, and its impact on plant physiology and human health. The plant-associated microbiome forms a complex ecosystem composed of microorganisms interacting within three main zones: the soil (rhizosphere), roots (endosphere), and aerial plant parts (phyllosphere). Their presence and activity are closely dependent on environmental conditions, such as soil mineral composition and plant-specific traits. A key focus is to identify the major groups of microorganisms that play a crucial role in maintaining ecosystem balance. These microorganisms can perform symbiotic functions, supporting plant growth by enhancing nutrient availability, protecting against pathogens, and stimulating the plant immune system. This study focuses on identifying the major groups of microorganisms that play a crucial role in maintaining ecosystem balance, and on assessing the potential risks posed by specific microbial groups, including their role in plant pathogenesis and in the transmission of harmful substances through the food chain. • Environmental factors shape the composition and function of the microbiome • Plant exposure to antibiotics may promote antibiotic resistance in humans and alter their microbiome • The composition of microorganisms found on plants affects human health