Unequal social metabolism and environmental justice in the Colombian palm oil sector: MEFA-based evidence from the Caribbean region (2016–2022)

This study analyzes the social metabolism and ecological externalities of the palm oil agribusiness in the Colombian Caribbean between 2016 and 2022, using the MEFA (Material and Energy Flow Analysis) approach. Results show an uneven metabolic pattern characterized by water overexploitation (1,580 m³/ha annually, 42% above recharge capacity), soil degradation (0.91% annual organic matter loss), and low waste circularity (13.4% recovered). These dynamics generate socio-environmental conflicts (1.89 cases/1,000 ha) and precarious employment (71% of workers are informal). Energy efficiency (EROI 2.4:1) remains below sustainable thresholds (5:1), indicating a model of "unsustainable efficiency." The methodology integrates quantitative methods (MEFA, GIS, dynamic modeling) and qualitative methods (interviews, workshops). Five policy pillars for metabolic transition are proposed: integrated water management, soil conservation banks, circular technology parks, certification reform, and participatory observatories. The study concludes with the need for sectoral policies grounded in biophysical limits and environmental justice.