Polyphenol Composition, Antioxidant Properties, and Health Benefits of Moroccan-Cultivated Raspberries, Blackberries, and Blueberries: A Comprehensive Review

populations, and anti-cancer activity via nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibition. Processing significantly affected bioactive retention: freezing preserved phenolic compounds effectively, while conventional drying reduced anthocyanin content by up to 49%. These findings support the integration of Moroccan-cultivated berries-particularly from the Gharb, Loukkos, and Souss-Massa regions-into evidence-based dietary and functional food strategies. Priority research gaps include bioavailability assessment, dose-response characterization, and cultivar-specific phytochemical profiling under Moroccan agro-climatic conditions.