Factors affecting hair cortisol concentration in privately owned intact cats

> 0.05). However, sex was found to significantly influence hair cortisol concentration, with male cats exhibiting higher cortisol levels. Environmental and behavioral factors in cats were not found to significantly affect hair cortisol concentrations. These findings suggest that long-term cortisol levels in intact, privately owned cats may be influenced more by inherent individual traits than by environmental or behavioral factors, indicating a need for further research in this area.