Selected human enteric viruses and viral indicators in drinking-water sources and treated waters: a review on prevalence and monitoring methods

genome copies/L, and culturable indicator concentrations varied widely across matrices. Recovery of both gene targets and infectious virus varied substantially between methods, indicating methodological challenges that can affect interpretation and risk assessment. Overall, the evidence supports standardised, multi-method monitoring (molecular and, where feasible, infectivity-informed approaches) and improved surveillance designs to better protect public health from viral contamination.