The role and prospects of extracellular vesicles in advanced drug and vaccine delivery

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as natural nanoscale carriers with exceptional biocompatibility, target specificity, and drug-loading capabilities, positioning them as promising tools in the field of drug and vaccine delivery. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current research landscape surrounding EV-based delivery systems, highlighting their applications in mRNA vaccines and cancer immunotherapy. By examining the biological properties of EVs, along with contemporary methods for their isolation, modification, and functionalization, the review contrasts EVs with traditional nanocarriers such as lipid nanoparticles, emphasizing both their unique advantages and the challenges they face. Furthermore, we discuss recent clinical developments and ongoing trials that underscore the translational potential of EVs. Ultimately, this article aims to elucidate the pivotal role of EVs as next-generation platforms for advanced drug and vaccine delivery, offering insights into future research directions and therapeutic innovations.