Comparative Assessment of Diverse Green Manure Species for Enhancing Soil Quality, Microbial Communities, and Earthworm Growth in Fallow Paddy Fields

< 0.05). Beneficial bacterial phyla, particularly Proteobacteria, exhibited a marked increase under the TM and TR treatments, while the fungal community underwent a favorable shift. Consequently, a significant elevation was observed in the overall Soil Quality Index (SQI) across all green manure treatments. Notably, the TR treatment resulted in a substantial 150% increase. In summary, ryegrass emerged as the most effective treatment in enhancing soil fertility, biological activity, and microbial diversity, underscoring its considerable potential as a green manure for sustainable soil management during fallow periods in paddy fields.