A Review of Indications and Technical Considerations of Endoscopic Balloon Dilation for Pediatric Subglottic Stenosis

Pediatric subglottic stenosis (SGS) remains a significant cause of upper airway obstruction in infants and children, most commonly resulting from prolonged endotracheal intubation. Although open airway reconstruction procedures such as laryngotracheal reconstruction (LTR) and partial cricotracheal resection (PCTR) provide definitive treatment for severe disease, their invasiveness and the burden of postoperative management have prompted increasing interest in less invasive approaches. Endoscopic balloon dilation has emerged as an effective therapeutic option, particularly for early-stage, short-segment, and soft acquired stenosis. This review summarizes the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and severity assessment of pediatric SGS, and discusses the evolution of surgical management with particular emphasis on the role of balloon dilation. Technical aspects-including balloon sizing, adjunctive radial incision, dilation protocols, and local pharmacologic therapies-are outlined. Endoscopic balloon dilation is most effective in carefully selected patients, particularly those with early-stage and less severe stenosis. While it can significantly reduce the need for open airway reconstruction, recurrence remains a key limitation, necessitating careful patient selection and long-term follow-up. This article represents a narrative review of the current literature combined with the authors' clinical experience.