A Pt/Pd-Decorated SnO ₂ -Based Electronic Nose for High-Precision Breath Analysis in Diagnosing SIBO

, CO, ethanol, and acetone, the system provides a more informative diagnostic profile than conventional single-marker tests. Furthermore, the electronic nose employs dual operating temperatures (135 and 190 °C) to enhance gas discrimination. Machine learning-assisted signal processing further optimizes the system's ability to differentiate gases, enabling more accurate detection in clinical settings. It achieves a 93% classification accuracy and a mean squared error of 0.78 for gas concentration estimation. Importantly, the system was validated using real clinical breath samples collected after lactulose ingestion, where SIBO patients exhibited markedly elevated responses (7.62-18.77) compared to healthy individuals (2.45-4.91). This clinically validated, multi-gas platform offers improved accuracy and practical potential for SIBO diagnosis.