Sovereignty Without Territory Revisited: Recognition, Diplomatic Agency, and the Politics of Statehood in South Sudan, Somaliland, and Western Sahara

This article develops recognition as strategic interaction as an analytical lens for understanding sovereignty without territory: contested statehood, international recognition, and diplomatic strategy — south sudan, somaliland, and western sahara compared. It argues that international recognition does not flow automatically from legal criteria or empirical statehood but from an interaction among patron alignments, regional norms, diplomatic entrepreneurship, and perceived governance legitimacy. Drawing on structured focused comparison of three cases across four variables: empirical statehood indicators, patron-state alignment, regional organisation posture, and governance legitimacy. discourse analysis of unsc resolutions and au communiqués. elite interviews with foreign ministry officials., the paper links the theoretical debates identified in post-westphalian sovereignty theory (krasner's 'organised hypocrisy'; biersteker & weber); international relations constructivism on norm emergence; legal positivism on self-determination versus uti possidetis. develops a typology of recognition strategies available to contested entities. to a comparative and historically grounded reading of South Sudan and the related cases assembled in the research design. The article advances three core claims. First, South Sudans rapid recognition reflected the convergence of self-determination claims with broad regional sponsorship, great-power acceptance, and a negotiated exit from the parent state. Second, Somaliland demonstrates that durable governance and effective state practices can generate de facto legitimacy without crossing the threshold to formal recognition when regional norms and precedent anxiety remain restrictive. Third, Western Sahara reveals how prolonged diplomatic contes