Essential oil and extract of clevenger’s waste of hymenocrater calycinus (boiss.) benth. as a non-toxicity option for cutaneous burns according to traditional use

value of the extract was 85.55 ± 5.31 µg/mL, and the total phenolic and flavonoid contents was 321.42 ± 8.04 and 30.6 ± 2.11 µg/mg, respectively. The results of antimicrobial activity showed that the lowest MIC value of the essential oil was against the Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with a value of 62.5 µg/mL. The results of cytotoxicity confirmed the non-toxicity of the extract at all concentrations and the non-toxicity of the essential oil at a concentration of 25 µg/mL. Therefore, the essential oil, and in particular the extract from Clevenger's residual water (a waste and by-product), in vitro is a natural, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly option for combating skin infections and hospital-acquired burn complications caused by P. aeruginosa, which is in line with the use of this plant in traditional medicine for wound healing and burn care. Further clinical and in vivo trials are needed.