Multi-omics characterization of β-myrcene-evolved Pseudomonas sp. M1 reveals convergent FleQ mutations and altered catabolic efficiency

than wild-type M1. Metabolite analysis indicated enhanced pathway flux: M2C19 accumulated myrcenoic acid 10.6-fold above wild-type, while M3C22 accumulated 3.5-fold, and upstream intermediates (myrcen-8-ol, myrcenal) were depleted in both strains. Proteome profiling revealed distinct temporal dynamics of GI induction: M2C19 showed early upregulation of GI proteins, whereas M3C22 displayed delayed induction at early exponential phase with recovery by late exponential phase. Beyond the GI, both evolved strains converged on reduced motility/chemotaxis systems and extensive membrane remodeling, while core metabolic processes diverged. M2C19 broadly upregulating respiration and β-oxidation components, and M3C22 showing systematic downregulation of these pathways at early growth stages. Overall, the results identify FleQ as a major adaptive target during β-myrcene-driven evolution and reveal distinct proteometabolic strategies that improve monoterpene processing under laboratory selection.