Access to and self-reported health impacts of COVID-19 prevention measures on people with disabilities in Vietnam: Results from a cross-sectional study in three mega-cities

COVID-19 and measures for its containment have had direct and indirect impacts on people’s health, with certain groups disproportionately impacted. This cross-sectional study in Vietnam assessed self-reported health impacts of COVID-19 related restrictions amongst people with and without disabilities, and their inclusion in response measures. A cross-sectional survey conducted from December 2021 to January 2022 included 898 participants from Da Nang, Ha Noi, and Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam. Disability status was determined using government disability cards, the Washington Group short set questions, or self-identification. Analysis compared self-reported health impacts (e.g., well-being, access to general and disability related health services) and inclusion in response measures (e.g., access to vaccination, personal protective equipment) between people with and without disabilities using StataSE 17. People with disabilities were much more likely to report negative impacts of COVID-19 restrictions on their well-being (Prevalence Ratio (PR) 1.8, 95% CI 1.5–2.3), and general healthcare access (PR 2.6, 95% CI 1.8–3.8). Despite similar vaccination rates, people with disabilities faced challenges in vaccine information access (PR 4.4, 95% CI 2.5–7.8), appointment scheduling, site accessibility and interactions with staff (PR 11.9, 95% CI 4.8–29.5). They also encountered difficulties adhering to preventive measures, although they were more likely to receive personal protective equipment and hygiene products compared to people without disabilities (PR 2.9, 95% CI 2.0-4.1). People with disabilities reported significantly worse well-being and healthcare access and faced greater barriers in accessing vaccination information and services despite similar vaccination coverage. These findings indicate that while high vaccination coverage is achievable, disproportionate structural barriers faced by people with disabilities call for inclusive, targeted strategies in future public health emergencies.