Treatment of Persisting Symptoms after Concussion with Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Double-Blinded, Randomized, Controlled Trial

= 0.108). However, both active and sham groups demonstrated a significant improvement in total RPQ scores from baseline at post-rTMS, 1 month, and 3 months. The secondary outcomes (depression, anxiety, quality of life, headache impact, cognition, post-traumatic stress) demonstrated a significant effect of time, but no significant effect of group. Age and sex did not influence the model; however, higher baseline LSQ (>300) was associated with higher scores in both active and sham groups at all timepoints for every outcome measure other than headache impact. Lower LSQ significantly influenced response to active rTMS treatment with regard to PTSD symptoms at post-rTMS timepoint only but not in the sham group. In conclusion, there was no significant difference between active and sham rTMS when evaluating symptom severity scores. However, both treatment groups significantly improved following intervention, which was maintained up to 3 months. Lower baseline LSQ significantly influenced PTSD symptom response in the active group at post-rTMS only. Alternative neuromodulation approaches should be considered in this patient population.