The use of torrefied biomass in the Murmansk region, Russia

This article examines the bioenergy resources of the Murmansk Region with a focus on the biological properties of organic waste from animal husbandry, poultry farming, forestry, and peat deposits. These materials differ fundamentally in their biochemical composition. Animal husbandry waste consists of undigested plant fibers, proteins, fats, and microbial biomass. Poultry manure contains elevated levels of uric acid and ammonia nitrogen, influencing microbial decomposition pathways. Forestry residues are composed of lignocellulosic biomass where proportions of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin vary by tree species. Peat formation is a slow biological process occurring in waterlogged anaerobic conditions, with the degree of humification reflecting the extent of microbial decomposition. The study emphasizes structural transformations in biomass during torrefaction, a thermal treatment at 200 to 300 °C in an oxygen free atmosphere. Hemicellulose undergoes depolymerization, cellulose partially decomposes, and lignin remains largely intact. Loss of hydroxyl groups reduces affinity for water, transforming the material into a hydrophobic product while suppressing biological activity. The elemental composition of torrefied pellets reflects their biological origin, with low sulfur, nitrogen, and ash content compared to fossil fuels. These characteristics address challenges of storage and transportation in northern conditions. For the Murmansk Region, where dependence on imported fuel remains high, locally sourced torrefied biomass offers a pathway to enhance energy security while reducing environmental burden.