Experimental Study of Knock Resistance Offered by Direct Water Injections in a Single-Cylinder Spark Ignition Engine

<div>Stochastic end-gas autoignition in spark ignition (SI) engines, commonly called “knock,” limits attainable engine efficiencies. Multiple pathways to extend SI engine operation into knock-limited regions have been studied, including direct water injection (DWI). This study employs single-cylinder engine experiments with a centrally mounted water injector to investigate the knock resistance offered by compression stroke water injections, which, through incomplete mixing, can thermally stratify the cylinder. In SI, thermally stratifying injections are expected to forcibly widen the cylinder temperature distribution by preferentially cooling the cylinder periphery. The end-gas is in the cylinder periphery. A cooler end-gas would result in longer ignition delays, thus providing knock resistance.</div> <div>The difference between intake temperature required to match knock-limited CA50 and a baseline intake temperature at the load of 8 bar IMEP<sub>g</sub> (gross indicated mean effective pressure) was used to quantify the “effective charge cooling” for the injection timings studied. A higher positive value for the effective charge cooling implies higher knock resistance. Effective charge cooling values for early compression stroke injection timings (−180° to −120° aTDC) were observed in the range of ~35−45 K. Later compression stroke and intake stroke injection timings displayed effective charge cooling values in the range of ~5−35 K and ~0−20 K. A compression stroke injection timing sweep was performed at a load of 6 bar IMEP<sub>g</sub> while holding the spark timing, intake temperature, and water mass constant to study the effect of injection timing on the combustion process. Although CA50 advanced while delaying the injection timing (−180° to −80° aTDC), post-CA50 burn durations stayed nearly constant, a behavior consistent with the presence of thermal stratification. Thus, it was concluded that injection timings that heterogeneously cool the cylinder provide higher knock resistance compared to bulk cooling.</div>