Community-based interventions addressing open defecation in Sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review

= 1). CLTS-related interventions generally reported on improved latrine ownership and reduced OD. Other non-CLTS interventions often reported limited or inconsistent improvements. Barriers included limited facilitator skills and weak implementation fidelity, while facilitators included small village size, and strong social cohesion. In conclusion, context-specific interventions, engaging leaders, and focusing on smaller communities may facilitate reduction in OD practices. Future research and practice should prioritise long-term evaluation and sustaining behaviour change.