Subtype-specific heterogeneity of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in breast cancer: current insights and future directions

mapping of myeloid-lymphocyte organization. Finally, we outline mechanism-guided therapeutic strategies targeting MDSCs-encompassing recruitment/trafficking blockade, inhibition of suppressive metabolic effector pathways, and myeloid ecosystem remodeling/reprogramming-to support subtype-tailored precision immunotherapy in breast cancer. This review is intended for researchers in tumor immunology and cancer biology, clinicians and translational medicine professionals, as well as graduate students or early-career scholars interested in immunosuppressive cells and breast cancer.