Research Progress and Preclinical Prospects of Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Targeted Delivery of Antitumor Drugs

Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) have emerged as a novel class of bionanocarriers, garnering significant attention in the targeted delivery of antitumor drugs due to their low immunogenicity, excellent biocompatibility, and intrinsic antitumor properties. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the biological characteristics and extraction methods of PDEVs, emphasizing their recent advances in the field of antitumor drug delivery. We critically analyze the mechanisms by which PDEVs derived from various plants modulate the tumor microenvironment, enhance drug targeting specificity, and stimulate antitumor immunity. Furthermore, we discuss the advantages and current challenges faced by PDEVs as drug delivery vectors, including standardization, reproducibility, in vivo targeting evidence. The review also explores the promising potential of PDEVs in precision oncology, highlighting their role in improving therapeutic outcomes and minimizing off-target effects. This review aims to provide theoretical insights for the development and clinical application of PDVEs in the targeted delivery of anti-tumor drugs.