Self-sustaining charge circulation in FeS2/MoS2 heterostructures for micropollutant removal

). Simultaneously, this architecture enables Mo-mediated generation of nonradical singlet oxygen, which mitigates catalyst deactivation and sustains oxidant output. As a result, the system achieves rapid removal of acetaminophen and retains 91.5% of its catalytic activity after 3000 min of continuous operation in various water matrices. These findings establish self-sustaining interfacial charge circulation as a broadly applicable and highly effective strategy for designing robust catalysts for sustainable water treatment.