Specialised root hair cells facilitate rhizobial infection

Summary Legumes establish symbiotic partnerships with soil bacteria that convert atmospheric nitrogen into plant-available forms. Symbiotic bacteria enter through root hairs following recognition by cell surface receptors that help identify compatible symbionts. However, many root hairs express these receptors, and it has long remained unclear why only a small fraction become infected. Here, we use single-cell transcriptomics to show that legumes pre-specify a rare root hair population for infection before bacterial contact. These susceptible root hairs represent less than one percent of the total, express infection-associated genes prior to encountering symbionts and are conserved in distantly related legumes. Their abundance is regulated by the hormone ethylene and correlates with infection capacity. Our findings reveal that root hair cells do not respond uniformly to symbionts but are instead transcriptionally specialised in advance to control infection entry points. This pre-specification provides a mechanism to balance symbiotic benefits against pathogen infection risks and may exemplify a more general strategy used by multicellular hosts to spatially restrict microbial access.