From recognition to proteolytic control: NLRs and metacaspases in plant antiviral immunity

influx downstream of NLR activation is proposed to contribute to the coupling of immune recognition and proteolytic execution. In this review, we synthesize current advances in NLR- and MC-mediated plant immunity, with a particular emphasis on antiviral immunity, and propose a conceptual framework in which recognition and proteolytic execution constitute coordinated yet mechanistically distinct layers of plant immune responses, with implications for immune engineering aimed at enhancing resistance against diverse viral diseases.