Frequency-Stratified Changes in BDNF, IGF-1, and Cognitive Screening Scores Following a 16-Week Hatha Yoga Program in Older Women: A Quasi-Experimental Study

In this quasi-experimental study with non-random allocation and limited covariate information, changes in peripheral neurotrophic factors and only small changes in cognitive screening scores were observed after participation in a 16-week Hatha Yoga program. However, frequency-dependent conclusions are limited, and findings should be interpreted cautiously as screening-level, hypothesis-generating reference data. Nevertheless, the program is considered a feasible, low-risk health promotion activity for older women and may inform future randomized or well-controlled studies.