Artificial intelligence in healthcare, dentistry, and orthodontics; is it an opportunity or a threat? An epistemological review

Helpless, the human race stands in front of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that has invaded us and evaded our defences, leaving the world stranded and surrendering to each and every mobile app notification suggesting any persuasive personalised contents, for instance. Wherever we go nowadays, we cannot but touch the deep impact, positive and negative, on all life aspects, including healthcare and our well-being. The dental field is no exception to that, with its favourite child and first specialisation that rests in its heart of hearts, orthodontics, being also hit and beaten by AI. This epistemological review spots the light on the use of AI as an overall experience whether in healthcare, medicine, or even dentistry, but more specifically in the orthodontic arena, and discusses possible advantages and disadvantages as well as future threats and challenges with the eye of a critical philosophical approach and the lens of a fundamental debate-based discussion. Various studies have been collected from different databases to support the detailed arguments presented, showing the different rationalities, and irrationalities, concerning the use of AI.