Dissipative Heat and Thermal Radiation Effects on Fe ₃ O ₄ ‐Ag/Water Hybrid Nanofluid Flow Over Three‐Dimensional Expanding Surface: Applications in Solar Thermal and Electronic Cooling Systems

ABSTRACT High‐performance thermal management systems in solar thermal energy harvesting and electronic cooling technologies have presented their advantages of hybrid nanofluids due to the increasing demand for those containing magnetic and metallic nanoparticles. From all these nanofluids, the Fe 3 O 4 ‐Ag/water hybrid nanofluid shows superior thermal conductivity, enhanced radiative absorption, and so forth, making it ideal for advanced heat transfer applications. The current investigation aims to present a 3D movement of a hybrid nanofluid of Fe 3 O 4 ‐Ag/water over a permeable expanding surface mounted via a porous medium. In particular, the combined effect of dissipative heat associated with both Joule and Darcy and the interpretation of thermal radiation, and heat source/sink enriches the flow process. The proposed flow problem's mathematical model is reformulated into a standard dimensionless form to enable the application of similarity rules and reveal the effect of different factors. The computation of various profiles with the variation of these factors is deployed graphically using standard numerical techniques with proper validation. The implication of distinct factors on the flow profiles is depicted and deliberated briefly. Moreover, the important outcomes of the study are reported as the enhanced concentration of the nanoparticles encourages the fluid temperature and the role of dissipative heat conducted by the Eckert number and the thermal radiation favors in enhancing the fluid temperature.