Nanoencapsulation of Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don essential oil for eco-friendly control of citrus aphid (Aphis spiraecola)

Introduction: essential oil (EO) has demonstrated insecticidal potential, but its volatility and rapid degradation limit practical application. Nanoencapsulation offers a strategy to enhance EO stability and efficacy. Methods: compared nanoencapsulated EO with emulsified EO. Semi-field trials evaluated efficacy under environmental stress. Molecular docking was performed to explore interactions between EO constituents and acetylcholinesterase. Results: : 8.26 μL/mL at 60 h). Semi-field trials confirmed dose- and time-dependent mortality, though efficacy decreased by 10-28% under UV and oxidative stress. Molecular docking indicated EO constituents (caryophyllene, linalool) interact with acetylcholinesterase, supporting a neurotoxic mode of action. Discussion: Nanoencapsulation improved EO stability, photoprotection, and residual activity, enhancing its insecticidal performance compared to conventional formulations. Despite reduced efficacy under environmental stress, the formulation demonstrated promising potential as a plant-based pesticide. These findings support the integration of nanoencapsulated EO into sustainable citrus pest management strategies.