Geometric Analysis of Soliton Surfaces via Generalized Bishop Frame Field of Type-C Associated with Betchov–Da Rios Equation in E4

In this study, using the generalized Bishop frame field of type-C in four-dimensional Euclidean space, we investigate the geometric properties of a soliton surface M=M(x,y) associated with the Betchov–Da Rios equation. Using a unit speed x-parameter curve M=M(x,y), for all y, we derive the derivative formulas for the generalized Bishop frame field of type-C. We obtain two fundamental geometric invariants of the soliton surface, k and h, characterizing the points of the surface, as well as a few other significant invariants, including Gaussian curvature, a mean curvature vector and Gaussian torsion. We use these surface invariants to prove a collection of theorems that describe the circumstances in which the soliton surface is flat, minimal, semi-umbilic or Wintgen ideal (superconformal). Additionally, we provide a theorem that describes the B-DR soliton surface’s curvature ellipse in relation to the generalized Bishop frame field of type-C in E4. Finally, we construct a foundational example to support our theoretical results and demonstrate the construction of the generalized Bishop frame field of type-C.

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Journal
Mathematics
Published
2026-04-13
DOI
https://doi.org/10.3390/math14081290
Primary Topic
Geometric Analysis and Curvature Flows
Type
article
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article

Geometric Analysis of Soliton Surfaces via Generalized Bishop Frame Field of Type-C Associated with Betchov–Da Rios Equation in E4

Ahmet Kazan, Mustafa Altın, YANLIN LI
Mathematics
Geometric Analysis and Curvature Flows
article

Geometric Analysis of Soliton Surfaces via Generalized Bishop Frame Field of Type-C Associated with Betchov–Da Rios Equation in E4

Ahmet Kazan, Mustafa Altın, YANLIN LI
article en

Abstract

In this study, using the generalized Bishop frame field of type-C in four-dimensional Euclidean space, we investigate the geometric properties of a soliton surface M=M(x,y) associated with the Betchov–Da Rios equation. Using a unit speed x-parameter curve M=M(x,y), for all y, we derive the derivative formulas for the generalized Bishop frame field of type-C. We obtain two fundamental geometric invariants of the soliton surface, k and h, characterizing the points of the surface, as well as a few other significant invariants, including Gaussian curvature, a mean curvature vector and Gaussian torsion. We use these surface invariants to prove a collection of theorems that describe the circumstances in which the soliton surface is flat, minimal, semi-umbilic or Wintgen ideal (superconformal). Additionally, we provide a theorem that describes the B-DR soliton surface’s curvature ellipse in relation to the generalized Bishop frame field of type-C in E4. Finally, we construct a foundational example to support our theoretical results and demonstrate the construction of the generalized Bishop frame field of type-C.

MathematicsVol. 14(8)
Bingöl University (TR), Hangzhou Normal University (CN), Malatya Turgut Özal Üniversitesi (TR), Turgut Özal University (TR)
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Openalex Percentile: Top 21%
Geometric Analysis and Curvature Flows
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